Great detective work and helps to restore my sanity.
A few months ago, I had been using Calc (V6.4) successfully with this same graphing structure. Recently, I had reason to return to the problem but now encountered problems with the axes. I noted that 18.04 had done a recent update, but didn’t think much about it. Instead, I thought - I’ll install V7.0 and the problem will go away.
So based on your discovery, I’m guessing the recent 18.04 update introduced the problem.
I haven’t done a bug report for either Ubuntu or LibreOffice. Do you have advice on what I should include?