I’d suggest you provide a shortened copy of your Calc file as example (something like the first 5 to 10 lines.
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At first: In a database you would NOT store derived values but create them in a query. Therefore you don’t find any formula in the table itself. So for typical examples you may store price and quantity in the table and you have a query
SELECT price, quantity, price*quantity AS total, (price*quantity)*0.1 as tax
When you need to work across rows things get complicated. So, if I assume your rows are one dataset a formula like
=A4*D4/(B4+cos(C4))
could be converted quickly to a database query, if the database has cos as a function. But your formula would be a problem. When you use a database you let the database decide where to store something, so you don’t know anything about next or previous row. Instead you have to ask the database in your query to do a sub-query, for example to retrieve the data from previous month to calculate the difference.
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Depending on your needs it could turn out a combined approach is useful: SELECT a subset of data in a query and drag the result back in a smaller spreadsheet, to tackle aggregated data in spreadsheet.
The world of databases is much more complicated. For “embedded” databases your data is actually in the . odb but base offers two possibilities HSQLDB and Firebird. Also you can have your data elsewhere handled by a database-server like Postgres or MariaDB. The server can even be somewhere on the internet. Then the .odb has only the queries and reports, while your data is somewhere in the database. Split databases are to be preferred for stability to enbedded ones (for them I recommend frequent backups).
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So while you can convert some/a lot of spreadsheets to databases you may need much more work to get something useful.
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But: Yes a database is a much more stable source and “home” for data, after proper conversion and it will handle most requests quicker than Calc, because there is a fixed structure for the tables (you usually provide this), while Calc allows a scattered mixture of data, formula and decoration.